This briefing documents Amnesty International’s research into summary killings by M23; gang rape against women by the M23, Wazalendo, and the FARDC; unlawful detention, torture, intimidation and enforced disappearances of human rights defenders and civil society actors by M23; and attacks on hospitals by M23 between February and May 2025. It is based on more than 53 interviews with survivors of sexual violence; victims of abuse; relatives of those unlawfully killed, detained or forcibly disappeared; medical professionals; civil society members; human rights defenders; lawyers; humanitarian actors; and journalists.